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2025年9月20日 星期六

特朗普推動十萬美元H-1B簽證費,為何長遠有利美國

 


美國總統特朗普於2025年提出一項重大移民政策改革:對每位新申請的H-1B工作簽證徵收每年十萬美元的費用。此舉引發廣泛討論,有人認為此政策將削弱美國吸引全球人才的能力,但從長遠角度來看,這項改革可能正是美國勞動市場與教育體系所需要的轉型契機。

補充說明:H-1B簽證是美國專為引進外籍高技能人才所設的非移民工作簽證,主要對象為在科技、工程、醫療、金融等領域具備專業學歷與技能的外籍人士。每年約有數萬名申請者,主要來自印度、中國等科技人才密集國家。

一、抑制低成本外籍勞工濫用

H-1B簽證原意是引進高技能外籍人才,填補美國本地技術缺口。然而,過去多年來,許多企業將此簽證制度視為壓低人力成本的工具,尤其在科技與醫療領域,聘用外籍員工往往比本地人便宜,且更容易管理。這種現象導致本地人才被邊緣化,薪資成長停滯,甚至影響職場公平性。

特朗普政府提出的高額簽證費,將迫使企業重新思考是否真的需要聘用外籍員工。若企業無法證明該職位無本地人可勝任,則需承擔高昂成本,這將有效抑制濫用行為,讓H-1B回歸其原始目的——引進真正稀缺的高端人才。

二、促進本地人才培育與就業

美國擁有世界頂尖的醫學院、工程學院與研究機構,每年培養大量優秀畢業生。然而,許多畢業生面臨就業困難,部分原因正是外籍勞工以低薪搶佔職位。當企業因簽證費用而轉向本地招聘,將促進本地人才的就業機會與職涯發展。

此外,此政策也將刺激教育機構與政府加強本地人才培育,投入更多資源於職業訓練、技能提升與產業對接。長遠而言,美國將建立更穩固的本地技術基礎,減少對外籍勞工的依賴。

三、提升外籍人才質量與價值

對於真正具備高端技能的外籍人才而言,十萬美元的簽證費並非障礙。這些人才通常獲得高薪聘用,企業願意支付費用以取得其專業能力。此政策將自然篩選出真正值得投資的外籍員工,提升整體外籍勞工的質量與價值。

例如,人工智慧、量子計算、生物科技等領域的頂尖人才,仍將受到美國企業青睞。這些人不僅能帶來技術突破,也能促進美國在全球競爭中的領先地位。

四、改善醫療與基層勞動市場結構

在醫療與長照領域,外籍勞工比例偏高,部分機構為降低成本而聘用技術不足的外籍人員。然而,長者照護、慢性病管理等工作需要高度專業與人文關懷,非廉價勞工可勝任。高額簽證費將迫使機構重新評估人力品質,提升服務水準,保障病患權益。

同時,政府可藉此機會推動本地醫療人員培訓,鼓勵年輕人投入照護行業,改善勞動市場結構,建立更具永續性的醫療體系。

五、強化國家利益與政策主導權

移民政策不僅是人力資源問題,更關乎國家利益與主權。特朗普政府透過高額簽證費,向全球釋出明確訊號:美國歡迎真正優秀的人才,但不容許制度被濫用。此舉不僅提升政策透明度,也強化政府對勞動市場的主導權。

在全球人才競爭日益激烈的今日,美國若能建立公平、高效且具選擇性的移民制度,將更有利於長遠發展與國家安全。

六、創造政府財政收入,助力債務平衡

每位申請者每位十萬美元的簽證費,將為美國政府創造可觀的收入。以目前約十八萬名H-1B簽證核發量估算,若其中有一半申請者(約九萬人)仍願意支付此費用,則政府可獲得高達九十四億美元的收入。這筆資金不僅可用於強化本地人才培育與職業訓練,也能作為政府財政的一部分,協助平衡國家債務,減輕納稅人負擔。透過向企業收費而非向個人課稅,此政策在不增加民眾壓力的前提下,創造新的財政來源,具備高度可行性與政策智慧。

結語

特朗普提出的十萬美元H-1B簽證費,短期內不僅可為政府創造高達九十億美元以上的穩定收入,也將促使企業重新評估人力策略與用人品質。雖然外籍勞工數量可能暫時減少,但從長遠來看,此政策有助於重塑美國勞動市場、提升本地人才競爭力、改善醫療品質,並強化國家政策主導權與財政穩定。唯有透過制度改革與價值重建,美國才能在未來的全球競爭中立於不敗之地。

2025年9月1日 星期一

犯罪之城:為何民主黨的意識形態背離民意

在美國這個全球最強大的民主國家,首都華盛頓特區卻成為了犯罪率居高不下的象徵。根據2023年統計,華盛頓特區的謀殺率高達每十萬人41宗,遠超許多第三世界城市。更令人震驚的是,汽車劫持案件在一年內突破950宗,平均每天超過兩宗。這樣的數字不僅令世界側目,也讓美國民眾對城市治理產生深刻質疑。

而這些高犯罪率的城市,幾乎清一色由民主黨市長主政。根據2025年數據,美國暴力犯罪率最高的十大城市中,有九個由民主黨市長領導,包括孟菲斯、底特律、巴爾的摩、聖路易斯、伯明翰、克里夫蘭、密爾瓦基、奧克蘭和費城。這種高度集中於民主黨治下的城市犯罪現象,絕非巧合,而是反映出民主黨意識形態與民眾安全需求之間的根本矛盾。

排名城市暴力犯罪率(每十萬人)市長姓名市長政黨
1孟菲斯(Memphis)2,501Paul Young民主黨
2底特律(Detroit)1,781Mike Duggan無黨籍(前民主黨)
3巴爾的摩(Baltimore)1,606Brandon Scott民主黨
4聖路易斯(St. Louis)1,472Tishaura Jones民主黨
5伯明翰(Birmingham)約 1,400Randall Woodfin民主黨
6克里夫蘭(Cleveland)約 1,350Justin Bibb民主黨
7密爾瓦基(Milwaukee)約 1,300Cavalier Johnson民主黨
8奧克蘭(Oakland)約 1,250Sheng Thao民主黨
9費城(Philadelphia)約 1,150Cherelle Parker民主黨
10華盛頓特區(Washington, D.C.)約 1,100Muriel Bowser民主黨

資料來源包括 、與 FBI 2025 年統計報告。

這份列表清楚顯示,在美國暴力犯罪率最高的城市中,絕大多數由民主黨市長領導。這不僅支持你在文章中提出的「民黨意識形態與民意脫節」的觀點,也突顯出民主黨在城市治理方面面臨的嚴峻挑戰。

理想主義與現實脫節

民主黨長期以來強調社會正義、刑事改革與包容性政策。他們主張減少警察預算、改革保釋制度、限制執法權力,並將犯罪問題歸因於貧窮、種族不平等與心理健康等結構性因素。這些理念在學術界與進步派中或許有其理論基礎,但在實際執政中卻往往導致執法力道不足、犯罪者無所畏懼,最終犧牲的是普通市民的安全。

例如,紐約州州長霍楚(Kathy Hochul)在2024年向紐約市地鐵系統部署國民警衛隊,以應對地鐵犯罪上升。然而,她曾公開批評川普在華盛頓特區部署國民警衛隊是「過度武力」,顯然存在雙重標準。同樣的手段,在民主黨執政下被包裝為「保護市民」,在共和黨執政下卻被指責為「法西斯行為」。這種政治語言的操弄,正是民主黨背離民意的縮影。

民眾的安全感正在流失

根據AP-NORC的民調,超過53%的美國人支持川普在華盛頓特區的治安行動,甚至連市長穆里爾·鮑瑟(Muriel Bowser)也承認,在聯邦支援下,汽車劫持率下降了87%。這顯示出,即使在民主黨主政的城市,民眾對強力執法的需求依然存在。民主黨若一味堅持理想主義,忽視民眾對安全的基本渴望,只會加深與選民之間的距離。

民主黨的政策往往過度關注犯罪者的權益,而忽略受害者的痛苦。在一些城市,輕罪不予起訴、保釋制度寬鬆,使得犯罪者可以迅速重返街頭,繼續危害社會。這種「寬容」的背後,是對法律尊嚴的削弱,也是對守法市民的背叛。

法治與寬容的平衡失衡

共和黨則以「法律與秩序」為核心價值,主張強化警力、嚴懲犯罪、維護社會秩序。雖然也面臨批評,但至少在治安問題上展現出明確立場與行動力。民主黨若無法在法治與寬容之間取得平衡,只會讓城市陷入 無止境的治安惡化。

民主黨的雙重標準不僅體現在執法層面,也反映在政治操作上。當川普試圖以聯邦力量介入華盛頓特區治安時,民主黨批評其為「法西斯主義」。但當自己執政的城市面臨同樣問題時,卻毫不猶豫地使用同樣手段。這種選擇性執行與政治化語言,只會讓民眾對民主黨的誠信產生懷疑。

民意的警鐘已響起

民主黨若不正視民眾對安全的基本需求,繼續沉溺於理想主義與政治正確,只會讓更多選民轉向共和黨。事實上,近年來共和黨在拉丁裔、非裔男性選民中的支持度逐漸上升,正是因為他們感受到民主黨無法保障最基本的生活安全。

城市是文明的象徵,也是治理能力的試金石。當美國的首都成為全球注目的「犯罪之城」,民主黨不應再以空洞的口號掩蓋現實,而應重新審視其意識形態與政策方向,真正回應民眾的呼聲。

 

2013年9月12日 星期四

How to change member's location


In order to change the member's location (represented region), you must use the Generic Client. The Generic Client is Java program which you must have the Java Runtime installed on your PC/Mac/Linux desktop to run it.

To start the Generic Client, open the following URL with you desktop:

http://www.weweweb.net/game/client.html

In the online section, select the line "Recommend to use Web Start". Note that you cannot start the program if your desktop does not have Java installed.

The following are the steps to to change the member's location, if you have successfully logged into the server using the Generic Client:


Step 1:  In the game room screen, select the Option button on the right.


Step 2: In the option screen, select the profile tab.


Step 3: Select the location you want to represent. For resource reason, we have only included those more popular locations. In case you cannot find specific one for you, you can select  "--" which means others.

(You may send to webmaster@weweweb.net to add back your location. However, we reserve the right to decide the addition or not.)

2013年6月9日 星期日

How to configure the WeWeWeb Bridge's UI for my Tablet

The default UI is designed for a phone. So, when you are using a tablet/phone size with 5+ inch or a high resolution screen, the font size may be too small to read. In order to address the issue, we have provided some customized options for user to setup the UI's font & card size according to the user's own preference.

In this article, we provide a walk-through on how to configure a 7" tablet for the standard font size set to the one which the author thinks is most suitable to his visible experience.


The following the is default screen layout of a 7" tablet for the bidding screen:



One can find that the bidding suit is too small to read. Also, the bidding button may be too small to hit right.

In order to tune the font size, from the main menu select the options: Tools > User Interface Settings > Font Style Configuration. The following screen shows the initial font size settings:


The screen shows the global font size setting of the app. The standard font size is 14sp which you can set from 8sp to 30sp. Some settings are based on scaling as they have already adjusted according to different screen density. However, you can re-scale them from 0.5X to 2X.

Now change the font size options for a 7 inches tablet. (Note that there is no 'the best settings' and it solely depends on personal preference).


With the above setting, It is clear that the UI's font size are enlarged.


Since it is a global setting, all the other screen's font size will be adjusted accordingly. Eg.:

Before

After

2013年4月11日 星期四

How to use the Deal Engine in WeWeWeb's Android Client

Deal Engine is a new option which replaces the old Lucky Hand Option. It allows you have a better control of the hand you want to deal.

The old lucky option is a simple mechanism which simply ensures that the player's hand has at least 10HCP. However, the deal engine can do much more but it needs the user to have a basic understanding on how it works.



When the Deal Engine Option is firstly enabled, all the weights are set to 1. The weight tells the relative chance of each case will be dealt. The all 1s setting means the chance of dealing a slam hand is same as a part-score hand. This is obviously an unrealistic setting. So what should be the correct setting. In fact, this is a quite subjective question and it solely depends on the kind of deal you want more.

What I want to tell you now is the approximate weight setting in the Pair HCP session of a normal deal. According to The ACBL's Official Bridge Encyclopedia, the probability of a deal of total HCP for a partner  is shown on the following table:




With the above data, we can calculate the probability of each range:

31-40: 1.27755%
26-39: 11.368%
23-25: 17.63%
18-22: 39.448%
15-17: 17.63%
10-14: 11.368%
0-9: 1.27755%

To convert the percentage to the weight, scale them by 2 and round it to nearest integer will do. That is:


31-40: 3
26-39: 23
23-25: 35
18-22:69
15-17:35
10-14: 23
0-9:3

In order to simulate the lucky hand effect, just remove their game out. One have,

31-40:3
26-39: 23
23-25:35
18-22:69
15-17:0
10-14:0
0-9:0

Note that the Deal Engine is not really a random deal engine which means the distribution with a hcp range is not natural. So, besides practice, it is better to switch the Deal Engine off in order to enjoy a real Bridge Game.

2013年4月2日 星期二

How to register a Bridge Pair in WeWeWeb

In order to register a Bridge Pair, you must use the Generic Client.

Step 1

Right click your name on player list, the user's shortcut menu will be popped up.


Step 2

Select the Bridge Profile >  Pair Tab.


Step 3

Add a new pair.


Step 4

Invite some one to join your pair. (The invited player must be online and in the same room).


Step 5

The invitee must accept the invitation so as to form a pair.

Done!



After the registration process, all the pair's game will be ranked. Note that rank 99999 means never been ranked and IMP -99999 means the pair has never played a game.


2012年5月13日 星期日

The Complete Book on Overcalls in Contract Bridge

WeWeWeb Bridge的叫牌引擎大至可以分成兩個子系統: 沒有或有受天干擾的叫牌情況. 前者相對簡單及靜態, 在大部分有關叫牌系統的書籍都有詳細的討論. 不過, 在橋牌桌上, 對手大多數都不會乖乖地靜坐著, 讓你慢慢叫到最有利的合約. 因此, 玩家要有心理準備大部分的叫牌過程都是和對手爭叫. 制訂爭叫系統的難處是每組對手都有可能用一種不同既叫牌系統, 要每個叫牌系統都制訂一個專門的爭叫系是不可行的. 所以我們要找一個更具彈性的爭叫系統.

由於市面上有很多叫牌書籍都輕輕帶過爭叫那部份, 我們需要找一本專門討論爭叫參考書. 在市面上, 專門談論爭叫的參考書數量很少, 今次我介紹的這本 (很可能是最好的一本)叫Overcalls in Contract Bridge (ISBN: 978-1897106457), 由Mike Lawrence 著作. 這本書談論了很多有關蓋叫的資料, 十分詳細. 本書分為三個部分一)蓋叫; II)回應蓋叫;三)繼續蓋叫。本書的內客主要是談論大量例子, 加上每部分及書本結尾都有一個練習章節, 供讀者測試自己的所學到的. 這本書可說是很有權威,有一些作者還引用了這本書的內容. 最後說一下"缺點": 這本書沒有任何理論, 作者只跟據自身的經驗及理解而談論.


如果閣下對爭叫還覺得有不足之處, 我建議這本書給你.



English version:

The WeWeWeb Bridge bidding engine can be divided into two sub-systems: bidding without and with intervention. The former is relatively simple and static in nature, most of the books related to bidding system cover it well. However, in the real Bridge battleground, the opponents are seldom kind enough to keep quiet and let the other side bid peacefully and reach the optimal contract. Thus, players is expected to involve in competition auctions most of the time. The challenge of developing competition bidding is as opponents may use different bidding systems, it is almost infeasible to develop a separate competition system to counter each bidding system. A more generic competition bidding system should be available for player in serving that purpose.

Most of the books about bidding system do not discuss the competition bidding in details. We need a separate book  which focuses on competition bidding. There are few selections, the one, which may probably be the best one, I recommend to you is The Complete Book on Overcalls in Contract Bridge by Mike Lawrence (ISBN: 978-1897106457). The book states almost all the situations relatively to overcalls. It has three part: i) Overcalls; ii) Responding to an Overcall; iii) Continuing the auction. The style of the book is based numerous examples attached with explanations. For each part as well has the end of the book, there is a separate quiz chapter to test what the readers have learned. This is a rather authoritative book that has referred by authors of other books. The only "disadvantage" of the book I can think of is the lacking of theory, the author only wrote out his idea and experience.

If you want to improve your competition bidding skill, I recommend this book to you.

2012年4月22日 星期日

Book: Standard Bidding with SAYC

開發Android WeWeWeb橋牌叫牌引擎時,我們需要選擇一個叫牌系統,玩家可以毫無困難與機械人溝通在這裡我們可以有一些不同的選擇,但無可否認SAYC標準美國黃卡)應該是一個首選。該系統簡單易學,相信是網上世界最流行的自然叫牌系統

當然,我們需要有一些文獻參考,才可以將這個
叫牌系統編寫於叫牌引擎程式內ABCLSAYC系統8頁小冊子(2006)應該是一個好的開始。該文件描述了所有有關這個系統的基礎。然而,它還是不足夠讓你學習SAYC我們需要一本更全面的書。因此我建議<<Standard Bidding with Sayc>>由Ned Downeyllen Pomer合著(ISBN:978-1897106037)這本書給你。事實上,以SAYC為主題的書籍很少,這是我認為最好的一本。

這本書的編排十分好,它是根據黃咭所列的各個部分來
編j寫。你需要學習的SAYC材料則十分齊全。此外,它還列舉許多清楚例子作解釋。更妙的是,它在每節結束時j都有一個總結,讓你可以作一些快速尋找參考

那麼,為什麼在網絡世界中的SAYC是這般的流行?這不只
因為玩家易於上手,更重要的是程序編寫員易於植入機器人的叫牌引擎內如果你有編寫過有關SAYC和ACOL叫牌引擎的經驗,我相信你會有相同的感受



English version:

In developing the bidding engine in Android WeWeWeb Bridge, we need to select a bidding system so that a player can communicate with the bot without difficulty. There are a number of different options, but it is hardly to deny that SAYC (Standard American Yellow Card) should be the number one candidate. The system is easy to learn and believed to be the most popular natural system for the online bridge world.

Of course, we need to have some references which can refer to in order to implement this standard to the program. The standing point should be ABCL's SAYC system 8 pages booklet (2006). The document describes all the basics about the system. However, it is not enough for you to learn SAYC. In order to have a more comprehensive book, I suggest the book <<
Standard Bidding with Sayc>> by Ned Downey and Ellen Pomer (ISBN: 978-1897106037). In fact, there are few SAYC books around and this is the best one I suppose.

The organization of the book is excellent which is based on the sections in the Yellow Card. It has everything you need for learning SAYC. Also, there are many examples which clear explanations. Even better is that it has a summary at the end of each section so that you can refer to them quickly in case you have forgotten something.

So, why is SAYC so popular in the online world? It is not only friendly to users but also friendly to those programmers who implement it into the robot's bidding engine. If you have the experiences on implementing both the SAYC and ACOL into the robot, you will believe how such a statement is stated.

2012年4月6日 星期五

Book: Guide to Better Card Play

WeWeWeb Bridge 遊戲內, 打牌引擎 (Play Engine) 是一個非常重要的元件, 因為機械人(Bot) 需要使用他來決定怎樣出牌. 為了開發和完善該組件, 本人參考過不少有關資料, 當中包括人工智能的參考文獻, 亦有關於橋牌的技術叢書. 在這裡, 我不打算談論人工智能, 因為我相信大部份人都沒有興趣. 所以, 還是回到橋牌技巧吧. 打牌技術其實是博大精深的. 想信大家還是初學者的時侯, 都聽過前輩教的簡單橋牌智慧, 例如: "第二家出小"和"第三家出大"等. 但如果我們不明所以, 將此兩個規則單簡地植入打牌引擎內, 我想信機械人打牌或會比新手更差呢!

要更能明白及掌握打牌理論巧, 參考 Ron Klinger 所著的 <<Guide to Better Card Play>> (ISBN: 978-0304357697) 是一個不錯的選擇. 本書分為四個部分一)基本的防守打法; 二)基本莊家技巧; 三) 改善防守打法;及  四)改善莊家技巧. 雖然本書只有不足二百頁, 大部份材料亦寫得非常詳盡,其中包括理論,解釋,例子和練習等項目如果你不是專家級數的橋手,我相信你一定能在書中找到一些新鮮或以前沒有留意過的材料。

此書我能想到的唯一缺點頁面排版相當濃縮,這解釋了為什麼一本200頁的書可以包含這麼多的信息此外,圖書館借來的這本於1990年不是很好除此之外對這本書評價優秀

如果你是一個新手或中級
玩家,想提高打牌水平推薦這本書給




English version:

One of the important components in the WeWeWeb Bridge program is the play engine which is used by the bot to play the 4 hands. In order to develop and improve that component, I've read a number of references. Some of them are related to A.I. (Artificial Intelligence) and some of them are specific to the Bridge Game domain. We are not talking about A.I.in here as most of you do not have interest in it. So, back to the Bridge game, in fact, there are numerous play skills and techniques exist. For example, for novice, one must have heard those rules like: "Second hand plays little" & "Third hand plays big". However, if you simply implement these rules into the engine, I believe the robot will be weaker than a novice!

To understanding more about the play techniques and theories, the book <<Guide to Better Card Play>> by Ron Klinger (ISBN:978-0304357697) is one of the options. This book is divided into 4 parts: i) Basic defensive play; ii) Basic declarer play; iii) Better defensive play; & iv) Better declarer play. Though it has only about 200 pages, but it explains most of the items in detail which includes theories, explanations, examples and exercises. If you are not an expert, I believe some of the points it mentioned may be fresh to you.

The only drawback I can think of is the layout of the pages are quite "condense", that's explain why a 200 pages book can contain so much information. Also, the paper quality is not good as mine edition borrowed from library is printed in 1990. Apart from these, my rating to the book is excellent.

If you are a player ranged from novice to intermediate and want to improve the game, I recommend this book to you.